The PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Regulates Multiple Cellular Processes,
Including Growth and Survival
AS160, AKT substrate 160 kDa; BAD, Bcl-2 associated death promoter; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Casp9, caspase 9;
eNOS, nitric oxide synthase; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; MDM2, mouse double minute 2 homolog;
mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC, mammalian target of rapamycin complex; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase;
PIP
2
, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PRAS40, proline rich AKT substrate; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog;
PIP
3
, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate; RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase.
Activation of RTKs initiates
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway signaling
PTEN
AKT
PIP
2
PIP
3
Growth
Angiogenesis
PIP
2
Active PI3K catalyzes
conversion of PIP
2
to PIP
3
The tumor suppressor PTEN
negatively regulates the pathway
by converting PIP
3
back to PIP
2
PIP
3
and mTORC2
activate AKT
Active AKT phosphorylates downstream
effectors, including mTOR
mTORC1 PRAS40
p27
GSK3
FOXO
Casp9
BAD
AS160
MDM2
eNOS
Survival
Proliferation Metabolism
mTORC2
PI3K
